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  🌐 COMPLETE  SUMMARY OF THE CYBER SECURITY FUNDAMENTALS NOTE SECTION 1 __________________________________________________________________________________ Cybersecurity is the practice of protecting computers, networks, data, and digital systems from attacks or unauthorized access. As the world becomes more connected—through smartphones, computers, household devices, and even medical and transportation systems—security risks continue to increase. Cybersecurity is essential for individuals, organizations, governments, and businesses to prevent data theft, financial loss, privacy breaches, and system disruption. 1. Introduction to Cybersecurity Digital attacks can come from anywhere and can affect anyone—from students and teachers to large companies and government institutions. Cybersecurity helps prevent unauthorized access to accounts, protects sensitive information, and ensures safe communication. As online usage grows, so do risks, making cybersecurity a major topic in tech...
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THE DARK WEB SUMMARY

  A COMPLETE SUMMARY-- THE DARK WEB 🕸️ What Is the Dark Web? Definition and Structure The dark web is a portion of the internet that exists on darknets —overlay networks requiring special software like Tor , I2P , or Freenet to access. It is part of the deep web , which includes all content not indexed by standard search engines. However, the dark web is distinct due to its intentional anonymity and encryption. Users often refer to the regular internet as the clearnet because it lacks the encryption and privacy features of the dark web. Access and Technology Access typically involves using Tor (The Onion Router) , which anonymizes user activity by routing traffic through multiple nodes. URLs on the dark web often end in .onion and are not accessible via standard browsers. Key Characteristics Anonymity : Both users and hosts are hidden. Encryption : Communications are heavily encrypted. Decentralization : No central authority governs content or access. 🧩 Us...
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VIRUSES AND ANTI- VIRUSES COMPLETE SUMMARY  ___________________________________________________________________________________ 🦠 COMPUTER VIRUSES  1. What is a Computer Virus? A computer virus is a type of malicious software (malware) that spreads between computers, damages data, and disrupts systems. It attaches to executable files and spreads through networks, drives, emails, and downloads. Its main goals: disrupt operations, steal or destroy data , and spread quickly . 2. Common Signs of a Virus Infection Slow performance – system, apps, or internet lag. Pop-up windows – unwanted ads or fake alerts. Programs closing by themselves or failing to load. Accounts logging out unexpectedly. System crashes or strange behavior. Mass emails sent without user knowledge. Browser/homepage changes without permission. 3. How Computer Viruses Work Viruses operate in four main phases : Dormant phase: Virus hides, waiting for activation. ...
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SAMPLE OF A COMPUTER VIRUS WRITTEN IN NOTEPAD _______________________________________________________________________________ Set WshShell = WScript.CreateObject("WScript.Shell") strName = wshShell.ExpandEnvironmentStrings( "%USERNAME%" ) x=msgbox ("Warming: The file you have opened is not safe and has traces of malware and viruses attached, Click abort to close the program, Click retry to try to open the program again, Click ignore to ignore the problem and continue " ,2+16, "Windows Virus Detector") WScript.sleep 1000 msgbox "Intrusion detected attempting to remove files!",48,ERROR WScript.sleep 400 msgbox "Unable to remove files!",ERROR WScript.sleep 2000 msgbox "Sytem failure in %WINDIR%",48,ERROR WScript.sleep 1000 WshShell.Run "cmd" WScript.sleep 400 WshShell.sendkeys "cls" WScript.sleep 200 wshShell.sendkeys "{ENTER}" wshshell.sendkeys "A" WScript.sleep 200 wshshell....
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DATA BREACHES AND CYBER CRIMES

  CYBER SECURITY | COMPUTER SECURITY ______________________________________________________________________ Course Outline: DATA BREACHES AND CYBER CRIMES _______________________________________________________________________ SUMMARY FOR TODAY'S LESSON:  🔐 Data Breach & Cybercrime Summary A data breach is a cybersecurity incident where unauthorized individuals gain access to sensitive information—such as personal identifiers, financial records, health data, or login credentials. These breaches can result from deliberate cyberattacks (e.g., phishing, malware, zero-day exploits), insider threats, or accidental exposure due to weak security or human error. 🚨 Causes of Data Breaches External attacks : Hackers target systems to steal data using phishing emails, malware, or exploiting software vulnerabilities. Insider threats : Employees may leak or sell confidential data intentionally or expose it accidentally. Lost or stolen devices : Unsecured laptops, phones, or ...
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